Skip to main content
Start here: need to register a service and create a plan first? Follow the 5-minute setup.
Add payment protection to your Express.js API using the x402 protocol. The paymentMiddleware handles verification and settlement automatically.

​
x402 Payment Flow

​
Installation

npm install @nevermined-io/payments express

​
Quick Start: One-Line Payment Protection

The paymentMiddleware from @nevermined-io/payments/express handles the entire x402 flow: 
import express from 'express'
import { Payments } from '@nevermined-io/payments'
import { paymentMiddleware } from '@nevermined-io/payments/express'

const app = express()
app.use(express.json())

// Initialize Payments
const payments = Payments.getInstance({
  nvmApiKey: process.env.NVM_API_KEY!,
  environment: process.env.NVM_ENVIRONMENT === 'live' ? 'live' : 'sandbox'
})

// Protect routes with one line
app.use(
  paymentMiddleware(payments, {
    'POST /ask': {
      planId: process.env.NVM_PLAN_ID!,
      credits: 1
    }
  })
)

// Route handler - no payment logic needed!
app.post('/ask', async (req, res) => {
  const { query } = req.body
  const response = await generateAIResponse(query)
  res.json({ response })
})

app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server running on http://localhost:3000'))
That’s it! The middleware automatically:
  • Returns 402 with payment-required header when no token is provided
  • Verifies the x402 token via the Nevermined facilitator
  • Burns credits after request completion
  • Returns payment-response header with settlement receipt

​
x402 Headers

The middleware follows the x402 HTTP transport spec:
HeaderDirectionDescription
payment-signatureClient → ServerBase64-encoded x402 access token
payment-requiredServer → Client (402)Base64-encoded payment requirements
payment-responseServer → Client (200)Base64-encoded settlement receipt

​
Route Configuration

​
Fixed Credits

paymentMiddleware(payments, {
  'POST /ask': { planId: PLAN_ID, credits: 1 },
  'POST /generate': { planId: PLAN_ID, credits: 5 }
})

​
Dynamic Credits

Calculate credits based on request/response: 
paymentMiddleware(payments, {
  'POST /generate': {
    planId: PLAN_ID,
    credits: (req, res) => {
      // Charge based on token count in response
      const tokens = res.locals.tokenCount || 100
      return Math.ceil(tokens / 100)
    }
  }
})

​
Path Parameters

paymentMiddleware(payments, {
  'GET /users/:id': { planId: PLAN_ID, credits: 1 },
  'POST /agents/:agentId/task': { planId: PLAN_ID, credits: 2 }
})

​
With Agent ID

paymentMiddleware(payments, {
  'POST /task': {
    planId: PLAN_ID,
    agentId: AGENT_ID,  // Required for plans with multiple agents
    credits: 5
  }
})

​
Payment Scheme (Crypto vs. Fiat)

The middleware auto-detects the payment scheme from plan metadata. Plans with fiat pricing (isCrypto: false) automatically use nvm:card-delegation (Stripe), while crypto plans use nvm:erc4337. You can explicitly override the scheme in the route configuration: 
paymentMiddleware(payments, {
  'POST /ask': {
    planId: PLAN_ID,
    credits: 1,
    scheme: 'nvm:card-delegation'  // Force fiat/Stripe scheme
  }
})
The middleware automatically detects the payment scheme from plan metadata. Plans with fiat pricing (isCrypto: false) use nvm:card-delegation (Stripe). No code changes are needed on the agent side. You can explicitly override with the scheme parameter.
For the full card-delegation specification, see the Card Delegation Spec.

​
Middleware Options

paymentMiddleware(payments, routes, {
  // Custom token header(s) - default: 'payment-signature' (x402 v2)
  tokenHeader: 'payment-signature',

  // Hook before verification
  onBeforeVerify: (req, paymentRequired) => {
    console.log(`Verifying payment for ${req.path}`)
  },

  // Hook after verification (for observability setup)
  onAfterVerify: (req, verification) => {
    // Access agentRequest for observability
    const agentRequest = verification.agentRequest
    if (agentRequest) {
      console.log(`Agent: ${agentRequest.agentName}`)
    }
  },

  // Hook after settlement
  onAfterSettle: (req, creditsUsed, settlement) => {
    console.log(`Settled ${creditsUsed} credits, tx: ${settlement.txHash}`)
  },

  // Custom error handler
  onPaymentError: (error, req, res) => {
    res.status(402).json({ error: error.message })
  }
})

​
Complete Example

See the complete working example in the http-simple-agent tutorial on GitHub. 
import express from 'express'
import OpenAI from 'openai'
import { Payments } from '@nevermined-io/payments'
import { paymentMiddleware } from '@nevermined-io/payments/express'

const app = express()
app.use(express.json())

// Initialize services
const payments = Payments.getInstance({
  nvmApiKey: process.env.NVM_API_KEY!,
  environment: 'sandbox'
})

const openai = new OpenAI({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY })

// Payment protection with logging
app.use(
  paymentMiddleware(payments, {
    'POST /ask': {
      planId: process.env.NVM_PLAN_ID!,
      credits: 1
    }
  }, {
    onBeforeVerify: (req) => {
      console.log(`[Payment] Verifying request to ${req.path}`)
    },
    onAfterSettle: (req, credits) => {
      console.log(`[Payment] Settled ${credits} credits`)
    }
  })
)

// Protected endpoint
app.post('/ask', async (req, res) => {
  const { query } = req.body

  const completion = await openai.chat.completions.create({
    model: 'gpt-4o-mini',
    messages: [{ role: 'user', content: query }]
  })

  res.json({ response: completion.choices[0]?.message?.content })
})

// Public endpoint (not in route config)
app.get('/health', (req, res) => {
  res.json({ status: 'ok' })
})

const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000
app.listen(PORT, () => {
  console.log(`Agent running on http://localhost:${PORT}`)
})

​
Client Implementation

For fiat plans, clients can use resolveScheme() to auto-detect the payment scheme before generating tokens. See the x402 developer guide for details on scheme resolution and X402TokenOptions.
Here’s how clients interact with your payment-protected API: 
import { Payments } from '@nevermined-io/payments'
import { X402_HEADERS } from '@nevermined-io/payments/express'

const payments = Payments.getInstance({
  nvmApiKey: process.env.NVM_API_KEY!,
  environment: 'sandbox'
})

async function callProtectedAPI() {
  const SERVER_URL = 'http://localhost:3000'

  // Step 1: Request without token → 402
  const response1 = await fetch(`${SERVER_URL}/ask`, {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    body: JSON.stringify({ query: 'What is 2+2?' })
  })

  if (response1.status === 402) {
    // Step 2: Decode payment requirements
    const paymentRequired = JSON.parse(
      Buffer.from(
        response1.headers.get(X402_HEADERS.PAYMENT_REQUIRED)!,
        'base64'
      ).toString()
    )

    const { planId, extra } = paymentRequired.accepts[0]
    const agentId = extra?.agentId

    // Step 3: Generate x402 token
    const { accessToken } = await payments.x402.getX402AccessToken(planId, agentId)

    // Step 4: Request with token → 200
    const response2 = await fetch(`${SERVER_URL}/ask`, {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        [X402_HEADERS.PAYMENT_SIGNATURE]: accessToken
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({ query: 'What is 2+2?' })
    })

    const data = await response2.json()
    console.log('Response:', data.response)

    // Step 5: Decode settlement receipt
    const settlement = JSON.parse(
      Buffer.from(
        response2.headers.get(X402_HEADERS.PAYMENT_RESPONSE)!,
        'base64'
      ).toString()
    )
    console.log('Credits used:', settlement.creditsRedeemed)
  }
}

​
Environment Variables

# Nevermined (required)
NVM_API_KEY=sandbox:your-api-key
NVM_ENVIRONMENT=sandbox
NVM_PLAN_ID=your-plan-id

# Agent
OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-your-openai-api-key
PORT=3000

​
Next Steps

Payment Patterns

Advanced credit charging patterns

x402 Protocol

Deep dive into x402 payment flows

Payment Models

Configure credits, subscriptions, and dynamic pricing

http-simple-agent Tutorial

Complete working example on GitHub